Analysis Of J. Cole s The Album 2014 Forest Hill Drive...

J. Cole released his album 2014 Forest Hill Drive on December 9, 2014 without any features, media marketing, or promotions (Berry). This album became significant within the music industry because of how far it strays from the lyrical composition of popular rap artists of today. Majority of rap artists in the 2000’s rely heavily on commercial producers and multiple artist features to promote the popularity of their album. Rappers often do not stray far from crude, sexual and misogynistic lyrics just to gain fame and cash flow for their label. As a hip-hop artist, J. Cole manages to gain more success than any rap album with no features. J. Cole writes an honest, and nostalgic album that speaks further into his thoughts on current social issues and his personal life story. He shines a light on his insecurities and gets his audience to feel a special connection with him as an artist. J. Cole managed to create the only album in rap and hip-hop history to go platinum without any fea tures while transcending development of pop culture within the rap industry. Hip-Hop developed as an urban underground movement during the 1970’s in South Bronx, New York and â€Å"when this subculture first surfaced, the terms hip-hop and rap music were used interchangeably† (Ralph). Since the beginning of the genres, majority of music enthusiasts felt more connected to rap, and it gained commercial popularity more rapidly. Hip-hop remained underground, and artists like J. Cole were hardly recognized byShow MoreRelatedMasculinity In Hip-Hop Analysis2066 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Masculinity in the Hip-Hop culture has been redefined repetitively as the genre grows in popularity. Created in the late 70’s, Hip-Hop was started as an outlet for residents of urban communities to express them and have fun through the music. As Hip-Hop grew into the 80’s and 90’ the genre also evolved as the artist began to voice what was going on in their day to day lives and in their communities; Hip -hop became a form of storytelling. Being that a lot of Hip-Hop artist had streetRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc ., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers

Internet Compromising Personal Privacy Essay - 1901 Words

A part of the American dream for a lot of people is the right to have privacy. Americans are constantly worrying about the Government taking away personal the personal privacy of citizens. But people may not realize that in society today a person’s privacy is tested when it comes to using the Internet. Although the Internet can be fun and is convenient in many ways, there are many dangers associated with it. Including, but not limited to, Spyware affecting a person’s computer, the threat of credit card theft, the dangers of uploading personal photos onto the Internet, and also the dangers of putting personal information on a social networking site. These actions can cause a person’s personal information to be stolen, money can also be†¦show more content†¦Of the computer crashing reported to Microsoft, it is said that half are due to Spyware (Shukla and Nah 85). There are six categories of common Spyware. These categories are adware, browser changer, browser plug-in, bundleware, keylogger, and dialer. Each of these categories pose different risks (Shukla and Nah 86). Adware presents the Internet user with ads and when these ads are clicked on the program tracks personal information through data mining. In this case, data mining is tracking what a user clicks on or types into the computer and detecting trends in the items he/she looks at to decide the types of things the user is interested in (Shukla and Nah 86). Browser changers change the settings on a person’s Internet browser. Usually it is changed to a page with a multiple ads which a user can click on. Many of these ads may be adware. This is where the danger level increases because now there are two Spyware programs working together. The third common Spyware type is a browser plug-in. These appear to the user to be a search engine. Luckily, not all browser plug-ins are dangerou s. But if one is downloaded to a computer and it is dangerous, it is difficult to remove. Bundleware is another form of Spyware. Bundleware tries to trick a person into downloading it in a sneaky way. When a user tries to open a web page, bundleware will have a notice pop up saying somethingShow MoreRelatedInternet And The World Wide Web990 Words   |  4 PagesInternet Privacy The term Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW) are words that not only are familiar to people all over the globe but their technology is ubiquitous. Aside from the availability of the Internet, several spin-off technologies have been possible such as mobile Internet service via the mobile telephone, PDA or even â€Å"netbooks† – those subnotebooks that are small-sized, low-cost and lightweight optimized for mobile Internet access and core computing functions. No doubt, it is difficultRead MoreControversy of Privacy and the Internet1117 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Privacy is dead – get over it†, according to Steve Rambam, a privacy investigator who specializes in Internet privacy cases, this is how he considers privacy to be in today’s society. He is just another entity living in the midst of a high technology society to whom privacy seems to be dead when reaching the Internet. With all the traffic on the Internet, the risk of private information fal ling into the wrong hands is excessive, and with all the advances in computer technology the rate of privacyRead MoreModern Technology, the Unseen Dangers Essay1514 Words   |  7 Pages, but as technology advances, our privacy continues to decrease without most people even realizing it. Cell Phones, everyone knows what a cell phone is, whether you own one or not. If you’re not very familiar with cell phones you might only know them as a portable version of your home telephone, but most people familiar with cell phones know that most manufactured in the last few years can be used to text or send typed messages to people, browse the internet, play games, listen to music, watchRead MoreFacebook Is The Leading Social Media Network1180 Words   |  5 Pagessuggested Facebook largely caters to educated users. A Pew Internet and American Life Project report found the educational distribution of Facebook users to be as follows: pre high school 5 percent, high school 26 percent, trade school or some college 34 percent, bachelor degree 20 percent, and graduate school 15 percent. Despite majority of its users being educated, most Facebook users are complacent towards issues of privacy or the risks of internet usage in general. In 2005, serious flaws in Facebookâ€⠄¢sRead MoreEssay on Privacy on the Internet1281 Words   |  6 PagesPrivacy is mentioned in the Bill of Rights, but in which amendment does privacy on the Internet fall. In the website â€Å"The Right of Privacy† it says that â€Å"The U.S. Constitution contains no express right to privacy† (n. pag.). Freedom of religion is given to us in the First Amendment. The Fourth Amendment protects you from searches and seizures unless the officials possess a warrant. The Fifth Amendment gives us the right to interpret the first eight amendments in ways that can protect the people.Read MoreThe New York : Legal Resources Organization Points Out1676 Words   |  7 Pagesout, While the sharing of social media may help us feel closer with family and friends†¦, social media can create a number of problems too†(â€Å"Privacy Laws and Social Media Sites† 1). Is that defunct Myspace page no one has visited in years really a part of the past? Or is that old instant messaging account where hours, maybe even weeks or months of personal information was given out really gone just because the account was deleted? In the short answer, yes they are, but also no they are not. ThoseRead MoreComputer Crimes And Its Effect On Our Individual Privacy1377 Words   |  6 Pagescomputers are used in several different roles of criminal activity and it affects our individual privacy. For example, criminals normally target computer networks or devices such as computer viruses identify theft, scams, terrorism, and copyright infringement. Today, the three of most common computer crimes are information security systems, social networking and copyright infringement. Unfortunately, the internet has impacted upon criminal and/or harmful activity in three main ways-this is after discountingRead MoreSecurity of the Database System1236 Words   |  5 Pagesencapsulating the constructs of a database Management system (DBMS), data model as well as database. And a databas e is described as an organized pool of logically-related data. There are issues related to database system such as security, legal, ethical and privacy issues. Database information can be leaked in different ways. One of them being SQL injection which involves sending unexpected data to a web server making it interact with the database. The data is capable of being sent in different methods afterRead MoreA Short Note On Anti Internet Surveillance Speech894 Words   |  4 Pages2016 Anti-Internet Surveillance Speech There is a massive amount of videos online devoted to an experience that most of you have probably experienced; it is an experience where a person, thinking they are alone, engages in some expressive behavior, such as dancing or singing, only to discover that they are not alone, that there is someone watching them. This discovery often causes them to immediately stop what they are doing and recoil in shame and embarrassment, the sense of privacy that allowedRead MoreHow the Growth of Electronic Monitoring Has Changed Employee Expectations of Privacy in the Workplace1151 Words   |  5 Pagesthe internet for personal pursuits in the workplace has seen phenomenal growth over the last quarter century. Along with this growth, employers and employees alike have used the internet as a tool to increase profit, manage time and facilitate communications. However, such technological advancement has its issues. The problem investigated is how the growth of electronic monitoring has change d employee expectations of privacy in the workplace. Should employees be able to use the internet for

Premature Death From Poor Nutrition Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Healthful dietetic wonts incorporate a scope of qualities, including: fiber and fatty acid content ; glycemic burden ; sodium-potassium ratios ; micronutrient denseness ; macronutrient composing and acid-base balance ( Prentice A ; Jebb, 2003 ) . However, this paper will concentrate on one of the most generic and dramatic deductions of hapless diet: adiposeness. In the UK, gyrating fleshiness rates have been deemed of epidemic proportions, with one analysis proposing 60 % of the grownup population could be obese by 2050 ( Foresight, 2007 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Premature Death From Poor Nutrition Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In add-on to the degree of human wretchedness such figures represent, the projected fiscal load is significant ; a possible ?10 billion one-year cost for the NHS ( McPherson et al. , 2007 ) and ?49.9 billion for the UK economic system ( McCormack A ; Stone, 2007 ) . As a ‘system ‘ , the determiners of fleshiness are embedded in biological and societal models of considerable complexness, intending any sustainable response must be comprehensive and well-considered. This paper considers two challenges presently confronting wellness psychological science in its enterprise to heighten the state ‘s dietetic quality: our ‘obesogenic ‘ society and the grasp of incorporate remedial schemes. â€Å" An Obesogenic Society † In 2007, the psychologist Susan Jebb famously ( and provokingly ) declared that such is the construction of modern life styles, it is less surprising that so many persons are overweight, than that so many manage to stay thin. Fleshiness, she concluded, was an inevitable result of a civilization in which sedentary work, inexpensive energy-dense nutrient, mechanised conveyance and labour-saving devices were omnipresent. The belief that fleshiness is a consequence of private over-indulgence is a prevailing one, and has formed the footing of a scope of enterprises aimed at educating and actuating single behavior alteration ( e.g. , Bathrellou et al. , 2010 ; Murawski et al. , 2009 ; NHS, 2009 ) . However, despite decennaries of dietetic counsel there has been merely minimum betterment in footings of meeting recommended energy and alimentary ingestion ( Krebs-Smith et al. , 2010 ) , whereas healthy eating intercessions derived from psychological rules and behavioral alteration theoretical accounts have non proven peculiarly effectual for bring oning lasting and meaningful alteration ( e.g. , Shepherd et al. , 2006 ; Lytle, 2009 ; Procter et al. , 2008 ) . It would hence look that exhortations for greater single self-denial and duty – so, engaging war on healthy feeding ( and fleshiness ) as â€Å" a moral undertaking † ( Thosby, 2009, p.201 ) – does non look to be sufficient for configuring better dietetic wonts. Therefore one important challenge for wellness psychological science appears to lie in advancing healthful nutrient consumption in an environment which, through its conditions and chances, is structured to advance fleshiness ( Lake A ; Townshend, 2006 ) . Possible campaigners in this case include obesogenic advertisement and selling patterns ( Lobstein A ; Dibb, 2005 ) ; arrangement and exposure of fast-food mercantile establishments ( Hemphill et al. , 2008 ) ; the prevalence of low-cost, energy-dense nutrient compared to the comparative disbursal of fruit and veggies ( Jones, 2008 ) ; and post- and pre-natal conditions, such as suited maternal nutrition, breast-feeding, healthy ablactation patterns, which are associated with decreased hazard of grownup adiposeness ( Barker, 2007 ; Skidmore et al. , 2009 ; Singhal A ; Lanigan, 2008 ) . Planned publicity of healthful eating therefore requires both an apprehension of these structural correlatives, and a transportation of attending from stray individual-level enterprises to the environmental determiners of weight-related nutrient pick and eating behavior. For illustration, the ANGELO model ( Analysis Grid for Environments Linked to Obesity ; Swinburn et al. , 1999 ) is a conceptual theoretical account for defining obesogenicity, and prioritizing cardinal elements for research and intercession ( e.g. , sociocultural, physical, political, economic ) at both the population degree ( community-wide ) or the setting degree ( fast-food mercantile establishments ) . Similarly, Lytle ( 2009 ) advocates psychometric appraisal of the ‘food environment ‘ within workplaces, schools and communities in order to place features that are either ‘leptogenic ‘ ( advancing meagerness ) or obesogenic. Such flexible, robust steps of micro-physical and sociocultural influences are a important facet of incorporating the personal and environmental correlatives of obesogenic nutrient ingestion, and explicating su ited entree points for intercession ( Brug et al. , 2006 ) . As stated antecedently, individualistic prescriptions to anneal nutrient consumption against energy outgo have non succeeded at the population degree. Policies to reenforce and enable healthy behavior may hence be most efficaciously implemented at multiple degrees. In the instance of breastfeeding, this might include single enterprises ( e.g. , peer-support groups ; Hoddinott et al. , 2009 ) ; local degree schemes ( e.g. , hospital policies for back uping and educating female parents ; Hannula, 2008 ) ; and national intercessions ( e.g. , entitlement to suckle in public ; Cattaneo et al. , 2005 ) . Similarly, psychologists must complement targeted intervention intercessions ( e.g. , initiatives to promote/sustain weight-loss ) with population-level preventive steps ( e.g. , curtailing exposure to obesogenic diets ) . In add-on, intercessions that impact at assorted degrees, but to a cumulative and changing extent, may besides be good ( Foresight, 2007 ) . For illustration, supplying alimentary school repasts ( a focused enterprise ) can be augmented by educative schemes to heighten cognition and consciousness of healthful diet ( an enabler ) , hence supplying coherent, dependable wellness messages ( an amplifier ) . Public wellness runs that are supported and maintained by such environmental alterations may besides assist debar unhealthy dietetic wonts from reoccurring ( Maio et al. , 2007 ) . Integrated Schemes Amending the state ‘s dietetic imposts creates complicated dilemmas associating to economic and societal policies in nutrient production and retail, instruction, health care and even civilization itself ( Foresight, 2007 ; Ogilvie A ; Hamlet, 2005 ) . As such, a system-wide attack is required which incorporates an inclusive, complementary repertory of intercessions ; something that will be facilitated by greater coaction between psychologists and other stakeholders ( Jebb et al. , 2007 ) . At present, there are deficient schemes for heightening public nutrition that are concerted, integrated and engage multiple bureaus ( Lang A ; Rayner, 2007 ; Martin-Bautista et al. , 2009 ; Matthews et al. , 2009 ) . Yet such is the complexness of the issue, that implementing and prolonging meaningful betterment will about surely necessitate joint-working between scientists, the nutrient industry, policy shapers, the media and local communities. An of import principle for non marginalising multi-disciplinary attacks is that the multiple determiners of hapless diet do non back up the usage of stray, disconnected redress schemes to bring on widespread alteration. For illustration, ingestion of unsanitary diets has been partially ‘normalised ‘ through factors like cheaper nutrient ( which can increase how much is eaten ) , greater pick, a heightened desire for convenience nutrient, and the usage of energy-dense repasts as short-run comfort/reward ( Wardle, 2007 ) . Furthermore, ambivalency is a cardinal factor in unsanitary feeding ( i.e. , disagreement between the desire for toothsome, high-fat nutrients and the want to be healthy and/or tilt ) , intending that single duty and decision-making in response to wellness messages can be compromised ( Jones, 2008 ) . Taken together, this suggests that a consistent, coordinated response between different stakeholders may assist relocate the accent on behaviour alteration as a corporate concern, by aiming scenes in which single behavior is enacted. An incorporate scheme for bettering diet might include engaged, strategic and multidisciplinary partnerships between psychologists, wellness professionals, authorities representatives and consumer groups in order to ease efficient transportation of evidence-based intercessions to real-world applications ( NICE, 2006 ) . Collaboration can be seen as â€Å" the coming together of diverse involvements and people to accomplish a common intent via interactionsaˆÂ ¦and coordination of activities † ( Jassawalla A ; Sashittal, 1998, p.239 ) , and is an of import necessity for intermixing scientific discipline and policy through enhanced information-sharing, specifying shared visions of jobs and precedences, formulating/disseminating dietetic enterprises utilizing accessible methods and appropriate stuffs for practician demands, and planing meaningful research inquiries. This is peculiarly pertinent given that dietetic sweetening presents a figure of importunate methodological ch allenges, for illustration: accurate appraisal of determiners and correlatives ; the demand for suited definitions ; the relevancy of longitudinal, population-based surveies ; and the function of human behavior, beliefs and values, and how these mechanisms instigate and maintain alteration. These elaboratenesss mean divergency and incompatibility can originate between psychologists seeking to polish and revise theories, and the more immediate, practical demand of practicians seeking information on which to develop intercessions. Bettering assurance and communicating between psychologists and other bureaus may therefore assist prudent planning, execution, and rating. For illustration, psychological analysis has highlighted the deduction for wellness inequalities of statute law to revenue enhancement fat content of nutrient merchandises, in that it may diminish available income and inducements for healthier nutrients amongst lower socioeconomic groups ( e.g. , Caraher A ; Cowburn, 20 05 ; Powell A ; Chaloupka, 2009 ) , whereas other research workers have assessed the impact, feasibleness, and cost-effectiveness of pecuniary inducements to modify dietetic behavior ( Wall et al. , 2006 ) . As noted by the Foresight Report ( 2007, p.122 ) â€Å" [ A co-ordinated response ] would enable maximal benefit to be realised from this important degree of energy and resources. Working in partnership with multiple stakeholders to advance the wellness of the state is critical to success. † Decisions It is improbable that the current prevalence of hapless nutrition ( and its attendant wellness effects ) will come to a natural terminal without sustained, long-run intercessions that invest clip and resources into set uping new patterns and constructions to back up healthful diets. One realistic chance in this enterprise is a conjunct attempt to both devolve focal point from ( I ) single self-denial towards social values and precedences and ( two ) defying patchy, short-run intercessions that do non run in a multi-level, multi-sector mode. Establishing enhanced dietetic quality at the population-level is a complex challenge, but non an indissoluble 1. With sufficient imaginativeness, committedness, and vision, preparations and schemes to better public wellness may be continuously developed and delivered in a mode that reflects the best available pattern, policy, and wellness scientific discipline. How to cite Premature Death From Poor Nutrition Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Actions and Behavior of the President Essay Example For Students

Actions and Behavior of the President Essay The broad language of the second article of the Constitution left manyquestions about the power and authority of the President and the Executivebranch of the Federal Government. Since George Washington, each Chief Executivehas come to the position with different beliefs on the responsibility and powerof the President. However the performance of the president is often shaped byoutside factors which control how he must act as a Chief Executive. Thebehavior of presidents come from a number of different criteria. A presidentspersonal character, his approach to the position and circumstances during histerm all contribute to presidential behavior. Presidents have approached the office from two vague positions. Theyhave believed, to varying degrees, that either the president has a strongleadership position and broad powers to direct the nation in one direction, orthat the president has very limited powers dictated by the Constitution andshould act like a chief administrator for the Federal Government. These beliefswere reflected in their behavior while in the White House. Franklin Rooseveltbelieved that the Federal Government had an obligation and interest in bringingthe nation out of the depression. In order to do this he initiated a number ofagencies and projects to employ people. In the first Hundred Days ofRoosevelts first term he initiated a number of programs which increased thesize of the Federal Government and the power of the President. He did all thathe could to see that his proposals were put into place. This included a failedcourt packing scheme to have a more friendly Supreme Court to find his programsconstitutiona l (Lowi and Ginsberg230.) In contrast to this belief in broad presidential authority by FranklinRoosevelt was Howard Taft. Taft believed that Presidential authority was verylimited the constitution and had to be specifically granted to the President byCongress or the Constitution (Lowi and Ginsberg 220.) Another example of apassive approach to the presidency to is George Washington. While he is oftenseen as a very influential president, his position as the first Presidentrequire that he had to set many standards. In fact President Washington hopedthat the presidency would not be dominate. In his inaugural address he arguedfor a strong legislature which he received (Lowi and Ginsburg 227.) However,personal beliefs on the role of the president have been minor in the behavior ofa President. When required all Presidents have assumed power to quickly dealwith a situation. A Presidents personality and beliefs are also a factor in determininghis actions as a President. Barber argues that a persons personality is shapedby his character, world view, and style all of which are established atdifferent times in his life. He argues that a persons character is establishedearly in life, world view is shaped adolescence, and style in early adulthood. These broad areas of personality come together to establish a style ofleadership and presidential character. Barber goes on to establish fourcategories of Presidential Character which are; active-positive, active-negative,passive-positive, passive-negative. Jefferson was clearly an active-positivepresident who was proactive and enjoyed the power which he had. Barberexplains this by his Enlightenment education and good humor. Adams would fitinto his category of active-negative presidents who had a strong work ethic (aresult of his Puritan heritage) but a harsh disposition. Madison can be fitinto the place of passive-positive. He bowed to political pressure, but enjoyedhis position because of his past in framing and support for the Constitution. Finally a passive-negative president would be President Washington who was moreor less forced into the office. He hoped for stability in the new governmentand allowed others to take an active role in forming the institutions of thegovernment. His military background and obligation to perform community serviceexplain this approach to community service (Woll 291-300.)While Barber issuccessful is placing presidents into these categories, he gives very vagueexamples of character which explain their behavior as a president. It would bedifficult to successfully predict how future presidents would fit into hiscategories and they are too broad to explain behavior of presidents. .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075 , .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075 .postImageUrl , .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075 , .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075:hover , .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075:visited , .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075:active { border:0!important; } .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075:active , .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075 .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Lincolns Journey to Emancipation EssayPresidential behavior can also be seen in historical terms that thestature and power of the president has increased with the growth of the FederalGovernment. Since the early twentieth century through the present day theFederal Government has grown in scope and size with almost each President. Thisis also true with the United States in the area of international relations. Presidents in the last century have taken a much larger part in legislatureleadership because of the nature of their election process. Presidents such asReagan and Clinton ran on specific programs which they would implement. Reaganacted in an active legislative way by proposing a tax cut and increased militaryspending, both of which he achieved. Clinton tried to accomplish health carereform as well as welfare reform. Both of these types of legislative leadershipwere different from the actions of Madison who was viewed as a chief clerk(Lowi and Ginsburg 228.) Since Franklin Roosevelt the Federal Government hasprovided a wide array of services and regulations for the American public. Thishas resulted in a growth of the executive branch. The President has had toincrease his role in developing policy as leader of the executive branch. Thegrowth of the United States into a global power has also changed the behavior ofthe President. His almost complete control over foreign policy has made him themost powerful diplomat in the world. This explanation, however, only shows thedifference in the character of the office of the presidency in the past century. How each individual president fits into this pattern is left unexplained. The most important consideration in explaining presidential behavior isoutside circumstances and events. The nature of the office is for the presidentto be a reactionary on many different fronts. For the most part the legislationthat the president proposes is in response to a problem or concern by the publicor the media. The president must react to international events which may effectAmerican interests. Presidents who want to take a proactive approach toproblems are often bogged down with problems which derail their plans. President Kennedy was forced to devote most of his time to Cold War issuesduring his presidency than domestic affairs because he found himself in powerduring two of the biggest events of the Cold War. The failed Bay of PigsInvasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis forced Kennedy away from domestic issueswhich he promised to tackle. Hoovers presidency was completely derailedbecause of the depression. Lincoln focused himself completely at the task ofkeeping the Union, even if this meant blatant violations of civil liberties. While circumstances may dictate what a President must deal with, it does notnecessarily explain how he comes to a position on issues and deals with problems. The behavior of a President can only be explained as a combination ofmany factors. His personal politics and approach to the power of the Presidencywill explain if he will try to lead the whole government and beyond that thewhole nation, or if he will act as a clerk, putting into action the orders ofCongress. A Presidents character and style of leadership are an importantfactor in his approach to leadership. The size and duty of the FederalGovernment also effect a Presidents behavior and the priorities of his office. Finally a President must react to events at home and abroad which are out of hiscontrol. The pressures that these events and the public reaction to themprobably have the greatest influence over his behavior and decisions. Actions and behavior of a President are the result of a complex set ofcircumstances. No one criteria can be used to explain the behavior of thepresident in any event. Explaining actions on the basis of one criteria isfutile and should be reserved to talk radio hosts. Category: History

Production system Essay Example

Production system Essay The production system is viewed as a combination of the materials supply, production planning, scheduling, control and material transformation functions. Together, these functions must respond to demands set either directly by customer orders (in a make to order situation), or to production orders generated by an inventory control function (in a make to stock scenario) Production/Factory responsiveness Production factory responsiveness can be defined in a number of ways: A responsive factory is a factory which is agile. Agility is defined as quick moving, nimble and active. Agility is the ability to thrive and prosper in a competitive environment of continuous and unanticipated change, to respond quickly to rapidly changing markets driven by customer-based valuing of products and services. Responsiveness is the ability of a production system to respond to disturbances (originating inside or outside the manufacturing organisation) which impact upon production goals. Typical disturbances might include, for example, the receipt of rush orders, machine breakdowns or degradations or variations in raw material supply. The disturbances may be internal or external and importantly their effect may be either positive or negative. Range of Production Environments and Responses Agility and Response Agility is described as the ability of a company to operate â€Å"profitably in a competitive environment of continually, and unpredictably, changing customer opportunities†. Four key imperatives have been associated with agile companies: a) Enrich the customer, b) Master change and uncertainty, c) Leverage resources and d) Co-operate to compete. Responsiveness helps in fulfilling the need for agility for mastering change and uncertainty. We will write a custom essay sample on Production system specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Production system specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Production system specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, agility is also concerned with making full use of the influence a company has over the sources of change and uncertainty, to pro-actively remove them or drive them to support the organisation’s goals. An agile company pro-actively influences the various environments in which it operates by means of many different activities, including marketing, co-operative alliances, new product and process development. In contrast, responsiveness is about taking actions in response to actual or potential changes which the system either cannot control or has not planned. The link between agility and responsiveness is outlined as follows: From this diagram we can say that effective response is a critical attribute, and represents the reactive capabilities of an agile organization. Another important parameter to be considered over here is system flexibility. System Flexibility has received much attention as a manufacturing research topic in the last decade or so. It is the ability of a production system to change the mix, volume and timing of its outputs. Total system flexibility is a complicated function of many system attributes, including machine and subsystem flexibilities. While system flexibility constitutes a possible means for responding to disturbances (both internal – e.g. machine breakdowns – and external – e.g. demand variation, rush-orders) it is not synonymous with responsiveness, since the system must also be able to judiciously use its flexibility in response to disturbances – i.e. decide when to flex its outputs and by how much. Parameters to measure factory responsiveness We feel that factory responsiveness cannot be determined by a single variable. In fact, In order to improve factory responsiveness, first it is necessary to find those variables which would help us to measure quantify factory responsiveness. This will also help us to fix suitable benchmarks. Also, ignoring the factory, will only lead to increased inventory, longer cycle times, and higher costs as product variety increases. There are a number of compelling reasons why the factory should be the starting point in the journey toward demand driven manufacturing. First, converting to lean manufacturing in the factories will help ensure that ERP software is not merely automating an otherwise bad process. Secondly, the factory is often the starting point for companies intending to make broader supply chain improvements. When a company sees significant results from the lean manufacturing transformation, they can often convince suppliers to do the same, providing help and experience. Once the factory is lean, upstream supply chain improvements help ensure that supply disruptions do not hamper the lean factory.

Again, Why Contests

Again, Why Contests Contests are the underdog in the publishing industry, yet everyone wants to have won an award. So why arent contests a regular in a writers promotional plan? The fear of competition? The concept of paying an entry fee? Im not sure, but writers need to take a moment to consider entering contests. You dont have to wait until you have a book to vie for an award. The benefits of entering contests: 1) You learn to be vetted. Rejection is a necessary evil in a writers world. Toughen up being rejected in a contest rather than 2) You develop a measure for your talent. All too often writers wonder if theyve evolved to the point of being worthy of publication. Those who dont wonder are definitely not. A good measure of your abilities comes from entering contests. When you start placing, you realize you might be getting it right. 3) You learn to write for a judges eye. Writing for readers can often dilute the urgency to write well. Picturing a judge dissecting your work may raise your awareness. 4) Placing or winning opens doors. Besides the obvious of being able to claim you are an award-winning writer, you and your name appear on several radars of agents, publishers, even promoters. You may win a publication contract, money, promotion online. Regardless, you climb that ladder higher than if you hadnt entered. 5) You may find a home for your poetry or prose. The market is slim for shorter works and poetry. Contests, however, are one of the few opportunities to put you on the map, get published, even earn a financial reward. Poetry and shorts contests abound in the spring and fall. Use them The perceived drawbacks of entering contests: 1) Entry fees. Frankly, I see nothing wrong with entry fees. Contests cost money to operate. Sure, if you submit to ten a month at 15 dollars each, the cost can add up, but you could easily insert one a month into your writing plan. 2) Tying up work. When you submit to a contest, the sponsor expects the piece to be original and unpublished, and dont want to compete with someone else if they choose your work. But you are prolific. You can keep pitching to publishers or self-publish and fight for attention amidst the competition, or you can submit to a contest and let it sit for a few months. You are a writer. You have way more pieces in your head, so write them. 3) Scams. Sorry, another weak excuse in my book. There are more scammy agents and bedroom small publishers than contests. And its easier to search and determine the caliber of a contest than those agents and publishers. I sum up contests in one word: opportunity. You can embrace it or let it slide on

(Social) Stereotype Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

(Social) Stereotype - Essay Example This paper focuses of stereotypes and stereotyping as a major form of â€Å"othering.† Othering is not a new phenomenon as this has existed throughout history. Various groups including African Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans, Latinos, and white ethnic Americans have experienced stereotypical representation at different time periods. These periods in history include U.S. colonization and slavery, WWII and the Cold War. The stereotyping of Indian Americans for instance has a long history, and these stereotypes are mostly grave misconceptions of the American Indians (Churchill, 1992). Stereotyping has been defined in various ways. In this paper, stereotypes are considered as beliefs about characteristics, attributes, and behaviours of members of a certain group. Although not all the stereotypes are negative in nature, these are more likely to have negative connotations to the out-group members than the in-group members. There are two major sources of stereotypes. First is the mental representation of real differences between groups. In this case, stereotypes may be the real representations of reality and operate like object schemas, which allow easier processing of information about other people. Second, stereotypes may be formed about various groups independent of the real group differences. There are different forms of stereotyping. These include stereotyping on the basis of gender, class and race. These stereotypes are mainly culturally and socially constructed. First, the aspects of race, class, and gender together construct stereotypes. Each aspect gains meaning in relationship to the others. For instance, Latinos are stereotyped as â€Å"macho.† On the other hand, white women are sexually stereotyped as â€Å"madonnas.† Women in the upper class are also stereotyped as frigid and cold. Class and gender intermingle with race and gender in these stereotypes. Stereotypes may

Discuss the values and attitudes of Chouinard and the Patagonia Essay

Discuss the values and attitudes of Chouinard and the Patagonia company and how the company's perfomance is being affected - Essay Example However, Yvon Chouinard looks at it differently. He is a green business premier. Casey (2007, p. 1) looks at the case of green business in through the works of Yvon Chouinard and probed how he became so influential. His secret to success is putting Earth first, questioning growth, ignoring fashion, making goods that don't break or wear out, telling customers to buy less, discontinuing his own profitable products and giving away part of his earnings. Chouinard's intention was to prove that business can make a profit without losing its soul. Refinements of the traditional way of manufacturing clothes are constantly done in Patagonia. His aim is to develop a sustainable initiative which practically shows in how he initiates change continually in their products. Whatever Chouinard thinks is better, they experiment on it and later on find that they indeed discover something better than the usual. It seems that gambling sometimes proved to be beneficial. Let alone the success and the influence that the company advanced against its competitors. The green agenda's point is not on making money, rather to focus on the right things to do. Let's take the instance of the cotton.

How retention strategies of organisation has an impact on labour Dissertation

How retention strategies of organisation has an impact on labour turnover in China - Dissertation Example Throughout the entire period in fulfilling the objectives of this dissertation, I was greatly blessed with his extensive guidance and supervision over my work. I cannot complete this part without saying ‘thank you, sir’. Subsequent to that, my colleagues and friends who also played their part have extended their hand for my project; the successful culmination of this dissertation has also observed the role of my friends. For such contribution, I am also indebted to them. Executive Summary The report objectives were to investigate the recent status of labour turnover in China, reason for increasing labour turnover, identification of retention strategies and effective way to reduce turnover in China. The literature review highlighted the theoretical underpinnings of turnover intention and its related factors with a particular focus on the Chinese market. The online survey was carried out to entertain these objectives. The main findings indicate that job variety, decision making and job involvement have no or zero correlation with turnover intention; job variety, decision making and job involvement have a weak positive correlation with job satisfaction and the same has been found with organizational commitment. The majority of the respondents attach considerable significance to â€Å"leave† incentive as an option to switch over to new organization and training, career help and appraisal can be employed as effective tools to reduce the labour turnover and simultaneously they can be used as retention strategies. The future research should be focusing on the different incentives offered by the employers. Table of contents Introduction 6 Problem statement 8 Research Objectives 8 Revised Literature Review 9 Labour turnover 9 School of turnover 10 Objective opportunities 10 Turnover intention 12 Retention strategies 12 Job satisfaction 13 Organizational commitment 14 Job involvement 14 Job or skill variety 15 Decision making 15 Gap in research 15 S ummary 16 Methodology 18 Research philosophy 18 Hypotheses formulation 19 Research approach 19 Research instrument 20 Data collection method 21 Pilot testing 22 Sampling 23 Sampling strategy 23 Validity and reliability 23 Discussion and analysis strategy 24 Research limitations 24 Research ethics 25 Discussion and analysis chapter 27 Correlation 27 Turnover intention and job variety 27 Turnover intention and decision making 29 Turnover intention and job involvement 30 Job satisfaction and job variety 31 Job satisfaction and decision making 32 Job satisfaction and job involvement 34 Organizational commitment and job variety 35 Organizational commitment and decision making 36 Organizational commitment and job involvement 37 Benefits of Switching organizations 38 Retention strategies 39 Conclusion 40 Recommendations 43 References 45 Appendices 49 Introduction The Chinese economy has grown rapidly. This growth has also increased the Chinese economic environment along with raise increa se in the aggregate employment level. However, this rise increase in the employment has also resulted in labour turnover. Labour turnover can be divided into two main dimensions: voluntary and involuntary. The former reflects employee decision to discontinue offering employment services and the latter relates to employer’s decision to cease up employment relationship with employee. Abbassi and Hollman (2000) maintain that there are five reasons which give rise to employee turnover including managerial style, hiring practices,

T.H. Marshalls Theory of Citizenship

T.H. Marshalls Theory of Citizenship Critically discuss T. H. Marshall’s theory of citizenship as outlined in Citizenship and Social Class (1949/1992). At the centre of the development of citizenship in modern Britain is the pioneering work of T.H. Marshall (Faulks, 1998). T.H. Marshall proposed an extremely influential theory in regards to citizenship (Dwyer, 2010). Through his analysis of citizenship, Marshall has to be acknowledged as identifying an original theoretical stand point from which to understand a social phenomenon (Held and Thompson, 1989). Few British Social Scientists other than Marshall have directly considered the concept of citizenship and made it their central focus in their work (Lister, 2010). Therefore, it has been Marshall’s contribution that has been considered a starting point for further research into the subject of citizenship rights (Held and Thompson, 1989). Furthermore, as Roche (1992) has identified, Marshall’s writings form a central text which he has labelled the ‘Dominant paradigm’ within citizenship theory in Britain (Faulks, 1998). When critiquing the work of Marshall it is important to recognise how defining citizenship is integral to understanding the concepts expressed in his work and others to date. Marshall defined citizenship as ‘full membership of a community’ (Marshall, 1963: 72). Marshall then clarified that full citizenship status involved membership of a national community (Dwyer, 2010). Marshall’s implication was that each individual considered a citizen could, therefore, expect certain rights of entitlement from the state and in return would be expected to uphold certain standards or duties within the community to be considered a ‘citizen’. As the definition of citizenship has developed over the years so has the concepts of which it encompasses. As such, when critiquing Marshall’s work it is important to acknowledge the era during which the theories considered were proposed as noted by Dwyer (2010). The circumstances during the time of this essay were substan tially different to those of modern society within Britain. Marshall’s work was considered following the Second World War and the establishment of the post war welfare settlement (Dwyer, 2010). Consequently, this has led to critical discussion of Marshall’s theories regarding citizenship and its value by a number of academics to date (Alcock, 1989; Delanty, 2000; Dwyer, 2010 and Lister, 2010). Marshall considers each aspect by analysing each approach historically to the development for rights. Marshall outlined three interlinked elements of rights that took the form of civil, political and social rights (Lister, 2010). The concept of civil rights in Britain came to prominence during the eighteenth century and included; ‘the rights necessary for individual freedom, liberty of the person, freedom of speech, thought and faith, the right to own property and to conclude valid contractors, and the right to justice’ (Marshall, 1963: 74). Discussion of political rights followed during the nineteenth century, which included, the right to vote and stand for political office (Marshall, 1949/1992). The final element of rights was concluded with the possession of social rights to fully categorise somebody as a citizen. The concept of social rights developed primarily in the post Second World War period. Marshall’s definition of social rights has undergone much scrutiny due to his ambiguous theoretical perspective. Powell (2002) and Dwyer (2010) in particular comment on this lack of clarity, â€Å"He is clear that there is no overarching universal principle that emphatically defines what citizenship grants or requires† (Dwyer, 2010:39). As Marshall (1949/92) highlights on several occasions, civil citizenship rights are entirely of the conditions of a free market economy, including a free labour market. Conversely, Marshall appears to be rather aware of the contradictions within the various strands of citizenship, although the aspects seem to interlink it would seem they do not always agree. Potential contradictions between social and civil citizenship, Marshall openly discussed in terms of the conflict between citizenship and class (Bagguley, 2013). As Turner (1993) indicates, Marshall’s analysis of capitalism versus democracy contained a number of ambiguities, but as a whole, Marshall strongly argued that the welfare state would limit the negative impact of class differences on individual life-chances. Ultimately this would enhance the individual’s commitment to the system. Additionally, the era of which social rights were development may affect how some individuals may interpret them (Lister, 2010). The development of civil freedoms was a crucial step in the undoing of the hierarchical primitive limitations of status or duty to an individual’s social superiors (Lister, 2010). Civil freedoms were also a necessary foundation for the later development of the second type of rights noted by Marshall as political rights. Marshall acknowledges four major aims to his essay. Firstly, he examines whether citizenship is compatible with the class structure in a capitalist society such as Britain. Although he states this is possible, individuals such as Faulks, (1998) feel he is ‘cautious’ in stating this. The tension between citizenship and capitalism arises out of the fact that citizenship highlights equality, while capitalism presumes inequality (Dwyer, 2010). For Marshall, the compatibility of citizenship with capitalism was due to social rights by ‘civilising’ the impact of the market (Faulks, 1998). Marshall identifies the increase of incomes, the growth of savings and the success of mass production as enabling society to redistribute wealth and social power (Lister, 2010). Developments such as the progressive tax system and the use of legal aid are shown to reduce the influence of class, effectively, creating social justice via social rights (Held and Thompson, 1989). As his second consideration, rightfully, Marshall argues that citizenship in Britain cannot be fully achieved without altering market operations of the time (Faulks, 1998). Thirdly, Marshall identifies the shift to rights away from responsibilities and the effect of this, and he considered this to be the most important aspect of citizenship in modern Britain (Somers, 2004). Finally, Marshall attempts to establish the limits of social equality and determine just how far the struggle for social justice could realistically go (Tilly, 1996). Marshall contended an image of an ‘ideal citizenship’ and thereby, a goal towards which aspirations can be directed. T.H. Marshall’s approach to social citizenship has been regarded as a democratic socialist view. As Delanty (2002) recognised, social democracy and Marshall’s egalitarian liberalism had several aspects in common. Other influential thinkers such as Richard Titmuss shared a similar passion within the social democratic tradition (Dwyer, 2010). Dwyer (2010) and Alcock and Oakley (2001) have identified the approaches of Titmuss and Marshall, who share several resemblances. Each writer showed a considerable importance to universal unrestricted welfare rights. Furthermore, both Marshall and Titmuss, outlined the identification and consideration of the ‘class struggle’ which is notably identified as an important aspect of the development of social citizenship. Marshall and Titmuss also suggest that the development of British industrial capitalism is of greater significance for the emergence of social rights (Dwyer, 2010). Additionally, the two writers shared the sa me optimism about the motivations that underpin human nature. Titmuss and Marshall both assumed that citizens would mostly behave in a responsible manner and look to enhance their own lives, and the lives of fellow members of their national community, rather than abuse any benefits that social rights may bring for individual gain (Alcock and Oakley, 2001) As Dwyer (2010), rightfully states, personal interpretation is ultimately what pins down the decision about whether or not the work of T.H. Marshall can be seen as social democratic. Key themes that are central to Social Democracy have been identified as: the promotion of equality, freedom, social integration and universal rights to welfare (Held and Thompson, 1989; Turner, 1993). Arguably Marshall’s (1949/92) endorsement of these beliefs identifies him as a social democrat of sorts, even if perhaps he moved away from this position in later life. Delanty (2000) refers to Marshall’s views as a socially democratic left wing liberal approach to citizenship. Marshall’s Citizenship theory, although seen as pioneering, has been the forefront of many critiques (Dwyer, 2010). As Tilly (1996) states, Marxist critics of Marshall’s work on citizenship are widely known, describing the analysis Marshall has given as superficial as it does not highlight, a citizen’s right to control economic production, which has been argued as a necessity for continual shared affluence (Somers, 1994). Furthermore, feminist perspectives as stated by Lister (2008) states Marshall’s theory as being extremely confined in being solely on men, while not acknowledging, the social rights of women. (Held and Thompson 1989). Therefore, Marshall’s Theory reflects that of only the working class white male perspective (Lister, 2003). His statement that in England all people were free and had civil rights can be seen as fabricated, as at the time only men had ‘legal freedom’ or the capability to exercise political or civil rights (Lister, 2008). Additionally, Marshall does not discuss other aspects of society including second class citizens and gender and racial hierarches (Tilly, 1996). Although Marshall did not discuss the issues associated with second class citizenry, he acknowledged that citizenship itself plays a part in social inequality (Marshall, 1942/92). As once noted earlier it is important to understand the circumstances during the time of this essay were substantially different to those of modern society within Britain (Dwyer, 2010) Furthermore, Neo-liberal perspectives and free market ideology asserts that the nonparticipation of the state from economic protection is the foundation of a society with strength and goodness (Held and Thompson, 1989). Consequently they are entirely opposed to the social rights proposed by Marshall (Turner, 1993). Neo-liberals instead suggest that welfare programs such as some of the social responsibilities discussed by Marshall to help the poor in effectively util ising their civil and political rights, have promoted passivity among the poor without improving life chances and have created a culture of welfare dependency (Held and Thompson, 1989; Roche, 1992). Citizenship, or the equality of rights it generates, becomes an integrative process counteracting the tendencies towards social division and conflict generated by the economic system. For Marshall, inequality was not an issue within itself. His focus was to find an acceptable balance between the forces for inequality and those for equality (Lewis 1998). Marshall distinguished between areas of the welfare state where greater degrees of inequality where acceptable and those where this was not the case, as the contrasts between the health service system and legal aid highlight (Marshall, 1949/92). Furthermore, this illustrated that for Marshall, citizenship constructs an affinity between rights and duties. However, this balance is not distributed equally among all who might make the claim to citizenship (Lewis, 1998). To conclude, while considering whether citizenship is compatible with the class structure in a capitalist society such as Britain, Marshall seems cautious in stating that this is possible (Faulks, 1998). Marshall provided an evolutionary view of citizenship, developing through various stages and levels to reach its final embodiment in the principles of British welfare politics (Turner, 1993). The extent of rights and duties that citizenship entails is open to on-going debate and has been challenged over time. Nonetheless, Marshall seems positive about the enrichment of citizenship at the time of writing (Dwyer, 2010). Initially, Marshall put the relationship between the citizen, the state and the social welfare at the centre of his analysis. Marshall achieved this by his suggestion of comprising citizenship into three interlinking aspects. Marshall viewed civil, political and social rights as a result of an evolutionary process, with each element overlapping (Turner, 1993). Marshallà ¢â‚¬â„¢s citizenship is a status rendered to people who can claim full citizenship of a community. Although, as noted by Lewis (1998) Marshall did not clearly state a criteria to which people may acquire such membership. Furthermore, there is a long and ongoing debate as to whether Marshall intended his historical analysis to be interpreted as a general theory of citizenship or whether the essay was just a commentary on the developments of citizenship within England (Faulks, 1998). Bibliography. Alcock, P. (1989). ‘Why Citizenship and New Welfare Rights Offer new Hope for Welfare in Britain,’ Critical Social Policy, Vol 19, no 2, pp 32-43 Alcock, P. and Oakley, A. (2001). ‘Introduction’, in P.Alcock, H Glennerster, A. Oakley and A. Sinfield (eds) Welfare and Wellbeing: Richard Titmuss’s contribution to social policy, Bristol: The Policy Press, pp1-9 Bagguley, P. (2013) Industrial citizenship: a re-conceptualisation and case study of the UK, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Vol. 33 no: 5/6, pp.265 279 Delanty, G. (2000) Citizenship in a Global Age: Society Culture and Politics, Buckingham: Open University Press Dwyer, P. (2010). Understanding Social Citizenship: Themes and perspectives for policy and practice. 2nd ed. Great Britain: The Policy Press. Faulks, K (1998). Citizenship in Modern Britain. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Held, D. and Thompson, J. (1989). Social Theory of Modern Societies: Anthony Giddens and His Critics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lewis, G. (1998). Citizenship. In: Hughes, G. Imagining Welfare Futures. London: Routledge Ltd. pp 103-50. Lister, R (2003). Citizenship: Feminist Perspectives. 2nd ed. New York: New York University Press. 2003. Lister, R (2010). Understanding Theories and Concepts in Social Policy. Great Britain: The Policy Press. Marshall, T.H. (1949/92) ‘Citizenship and social class’, in T.H. Marshall and T.Bottomore, Citizenship and social class, London: Pluto Press Marshall, T.H. and Bottomore, T. (1992) Citizenship and social class, London: Pluto Press Powell, M. (2002) ‘The Hidden History of Social Citizenship’, Citizenship Studies, Vol 6, no 3, pp 229-45 Somers, M. R. (1994), Rights, Relationality, and Membership: Rethinking the Making and Meaning of Citizenship. Law Social Inquiry, 19: 63–114. Tilly, C (1996). Citizenship, Identity and Social History. International Review of Social History, 40, pp 1-17. Turner, B (1993). Citizenship and Social Theory. London: Sage Publications Ltd. Student Exam number: Y82850301

Schools Should Prepare Children For Life In Society :: essays research papers

Schools Should Prepare Children For Life in Society In today's information society people often think that characters from TV-shows or talkshow guests reflect our society. Although that opinion is rather based on the disability of people to use information than on any logical thoughts, there is something every talkshow reminds us of: people are not perfect. So, I say, society can not be perfect either. I believe that society works by that society doesn't work. People are too different to put them all into one melting pot, but you have to, because otherwise society would end in destruction and hate (as seen in the Third Reich). I believe that schools have an obligation to prepare children for life in society. Therefore they don't necessarily have the ability to change society but I think today's situation in Germany is not nearly as bad as the situation in "Dead poet's society", a movie based on a true story. In the movie a teacher tries to let his students be creative and critical towards everything they see and hear while neglecting values like punctuality and obedience. At first he is successful, but as soon as the school board notices his ambitions, he gets suspended for some odd reason. If a teacher in Germany tries to influence students in the way that they are more creative that is generally seen as positive, but what almost makes this impossible is the number of students in a class and the time frame of just 45 minutes, which is short if you are going to hear all the different opinions of all the students. If we accept that there do exist problems in society that need to get fixed, we also have to see that it is not school's job to do this alone.

Interactive Learning Essay

E-Learning reaches beyond traditional face-to-face classroom learning environments by combining teaching and the Internet so students have the option of learning in a different modality. E-Learning uses technological devices and computer software applications to deliver the curriculum. The instructor uses the Internet to deliver the curriculum over methods and applications like Web-based training (WBT), computer-based training (CBT), synchronous, and asynchronous classroom modalities, and digital delivery. Students learn through self-paced or instructor-led delivery. E-Learning Purposes and Characteristics The purpose of e-Learning is combining technology and communication to provide an alternate method for students to earn a degree without physically attending a traditional classroom setting or academic institution). E-Learning is available for academic progress from grade school through doctoral degrees. E-Learning teaches sequentially so student learning builds upon the previous curriculum. E-Learning makes learning fun for the students by varying the curriculum. Instructors combine imagery and content that creates student attention and engages interaction so students retain the material . Students receive immediate feedback so they can correct assumptions and misunderstandings. E-Learning encourages students interact with each other by using chat rooms, instant messaging, e-mail, and discussion forums to communicate with other students and the e-Learning instructor). E-Learning Benefits E-Learning easily accommodates numerous delivery and learning styles globally. Students have convenience and flexibility within the e-Learning modality that traditional classrooms lack). Students have several options to select among the different e-Learning modalities thereby creating a student-centric learning environment catering to his or her needs urriculum and supporting classroom materials through the Internet. Flex-net classes combine online and face-to-face instruction. Ease of location and convenience is crucial to e-Learning students because the only requirement to attend class is a computer with Internet accessibility and proper hardware and software applications Students can attend class anywhere in the  world that has access to the Internet. E-Learning allows students the ability to work full-time, part-time, or stay-at-home while earning a degree. E-Learning reduces expenses for students because they do not have to pay for gas, parking, or vehicle maintenance Another convenience factor is the pace of the e-Learning classes. Students attend class by setting their own pace of learning. The self-directed learning allows students to complete and submit assignments within the deadlines while maintaining an appropriate comfort level so to reduce unnecessary stress E-Learning Challenges Some of the challenges for e-Learning students are the same as the benefits. These challenges include flexibility, the lack of a traditional classroom, self-motivation, and accountability. Students need a computer with proper hardware, software, and Internet accessibility connections to attend e-Learning courses . They also need a working knowledge of the computer and intermediate to advanced computer skills. Students need self-discipline, time management skills, and good study habits to attend an e-Learning class or they may fail (E-Learning, 2011). Students also needing face-to-face interactions may find that e-Learning is not beneficial because of the lack of communication and interpersonal skills. They cannot work alone because of a lack of self-motivation. Another challenge is the global aspect, as some students may believe this hinders networking opportunities because of professional applications E-Learning Instructional Methods Instructional methods to use within e-Learning include incorporating technology, teaching, and interactive learning specific to the audience into each lesson plan curriculum. The lesson plan needs course related objectives, organized material, and easy navigation. The course should not exceed one hour of CBT . Instructional designers often create a storyboard to organize materials and include student activities like games into the lesson plan. Storyboards allow the designer a visual representation of the web pages of the curriculum so to identify missing content or kinks easily Once the designer creates the storyboard or outline, the presentation can  vary by adding text, audio, video clips, and animation to help students retain information visually and orally . The incorporation of visual and oral content must reflect the subject matter into the context use and expand on existing knowledge levels among the students Quizzes, games, and discussions help students use critical thinking skills to identify the correct response by combining visual representations with content Interactions with different outcomes allow the designer to incorporate web-based games. Students watch a video game and select the appropriate animated action response as a best solution to the learning they receive. These selections create a final game scenario that the instructor grades from correct moves The immediate grade and feedback allow the student to learn and correct mistakes. Conclusion E-Learning eliminates the boundaries of traditional classroom learning to reach a global environment. E-Learning combines teaching, communication, and the Internet so students enjoy learning and engage within classroom activities . Students decide which e-Learning platform to attend based on their learning preferences. Instructors vary the content and incorporate text, video, animation, and audio so students retain content through visual and oral methods The most popular benefits to e-Learning include a globally diverse student body, convenience, flexibility, self-motivation, and self-paced curriculum). The challenges include needing a computer with appropriate Internet accessibility, a working knowledge of the computer, solid study habits, self-discipline, and accountability. The student may fail the course without possessing these items and traits.

Both Shiela and Eric Birling Change Significantly During the Course of the Play Essay Example

Both Shiela and Eric Birling Change Significantly During the Course of the Play Essay Example Both Shiela and Eric Birling Change Significantly During the Course of the Play Paper Both Shiela and Eric Birling Change Significantly During the Course of the Play Paper Essay Topic: Play I agree with this statement because at the beginning of the play Sheila seems very bubbly and she is always happy about everything, but as the truth comes out as the play goes on Sheila becomes unhappy and more and more upset. Eric changes as the play goes on because at the start of the play he can drink as much as he likes and the family wont notice how much he is drinking because they dont suspect him to be a heavy drinker. When Arthur and Sybil find out everyone turns against him and Eric realises what his family are really like. We learn that each of the characters are like one another in there own kind of way, thinking is nothing to worry about for the family, life is great. The writer shows that the characters are pleased with themselves by using happy phrases and making sure nobody snaps at one another. This is at the start of the play of course. I think Sheila changes the most throughout the play because when she accepts her guilt she wants to hear everybody elses story and make them accept what they have done. Sheila is impressionable, and deeply affected by what the Inspector reveals to her family throughout the play, she also uses slang phrases such as youre squiffy (page 3) towards Eric to indicate that he is drunk. Her use of slang expressions help emphasise her youth. However at the beginning of the play when shielas story is revealed she seems to have very similarities to her father Mr Birling. She seems very selfish and full of self-importance. An example of this behaviour is when shiela gets Eva Smith fired from her job at millwards just because Eva smiled at another assistant when she was trying something onb which both the assistant and shielas mother objected to before hand.

Free Essays on The True Father Of Huck

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known by his pen name of Mark Twain, tells the story of Huck’s travels down the Mississippi River with a runaway slave. Huck lived in a small town with his biological father, Pap; a drunk who had caused him many problems. However, in the novel, the character of Jim is portrayed as the â€Å"true father† of Huck. Because Jim acts as a role model and a mentor to Huck along their journey down the river, he proves to be more of a father figure to Huck than his biological father Pap. A father teaches his son lessons. Jim taught Huck many lessons both intentionally and indirectly. Jim shows Huck that slaves are real people, just like himself, despite the different color of skin. Huck gained a greater amount of respect for Jim when he talked of missing his family. Jim also shared with Huck that he remembers beating his little four-year-old girl once. Jim told Huck he regretted his actions and was overcome with sadness, and of how he misses his family towards the end of the novel. Jim teaches Huck that slaves are not different because of color; they have feelings, emotions, and love their families just as much as whites. Sharing this compassionate side of Jim teaches Huck that slaves are not completely different simply because of color. Jim allows Huck to see that slaves have feelings, emotions, and love their families just as white folk would love theirs. Jim cares for and protects Huck, just as a father should. When Jim and Huck went exploring in the two-story house, Jim would not let Huck see the dead man in the house. â€Å"’Come in, Huck, but doan’ look at his face- it’s too gashly’. I didn’t look at him at all. Jim throwed some old rags over him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Jim covered the man so Huck wouldn’t have to look at him. The dead man was his Pap. Jim did not want Huck to have to see his father’s face and be upset. Jim was looking out for Huck and t... Free Essays on The True Father Of Huck Free Essays on The True Father Of Huck The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known by his pen name of Mark Twain, tells the story of Huck’s travels down the Mississippi River with a runaway slave. Huck lived in a small town with his biological father, Pap; a drunk who had caused him many problems. However, in the novel, the character of Jim is portrayed as the â€Å"true father† of Huck. Because Jim acts as a role model and a mentor to Huck along their journey down the river, he proves to be more of a father figure to Huck than his biological father Pap. A father teaches his son lessons. Jim taught Huck many lessons both intentionally and indirectly. Jim shows Huck that slaves are real people, just like himself, despite the different color of skin. Huck gained a greater amount of respect for Jim when he talked of missing his family. Jim also shared with Huck that he remembers beating his little four-year-old girl once. Jim told Huck he regretted his actions and was overcome with sadness, and of how he misses his family towards the end of the novel. Jim teaches Huck that slaves are not different because of color; they have feelings, emotions, and love their families just as much as whites. Sharing this compassionate side of Jim teaches Huck that slaves are not completely different simply because of color. Jim allows Huck to see that slaves have feelings, emotions, and love their families just as white folk would love theirs. Jim cares for and protects Huck, just as a father should. When Jim and Huck went exploring in the two-story house, Jim would not let Huck see the dead man in the house. â€Å"’Come in, Huck, but doan’ look at his face- it’s too gashly’. I didn’t look at him at all. Jim throwed some old rags over him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Jim covered the man so Huck wouldn’t have to look at him. The dead man was his Pap. Jim did not want Huck to have to see his father’s face and be upset. Jim was looking out for Huck and t...

Managing Information Systems within Jobcentre Plus Essay

Managing Information Systems within Jobcentre Plus - Essay Example Britain hypermarket net Tesco is one of such leaders. This company sails one third of all foodstuffs in the country. Tesco can firmly be named as a "national shop". Rich, average and poor customers can find the goods according their wishes and financial abilities. In the beginning of 1990th Tesco took up the small category of retail market for lower-income customers. More expensive line for well-off customers was concerned with J. Sainsbury and Waitrose. Comfortable location, competitive prices, polite staff, great variety of goods and products, mainly, circumspect development strategy helped Tesco to become a really national shop. It has happened neither due to only British goods are sold nor due to the state authorities discrimination of American "Wal Mart" or French "Carrefour. National brand buildup took place thanks to Tesco owners and managers, who understood British customers wishes, whims and the mechanism of decision making. It became possible after using Management Information System (MIS). Tesco set close cooperation with University College London. The scientists offered new methods of gathering, checking, collating, review, storage, access, retrieval and update of statistics information of retail sells. Fed every second by Tesco's 12 million Clubcard holders, the Crucible database could in theory generate about 12 billion pieces of data a year if each cardholder bought just 20 items a week. This information is analyzed very attentively. MIS helps managers to understand what goods are sold better together, to place them accordingly on the counters in supermarkets. Experts, who carry out such analysis for Tesco, insist that the company has one of the biggest customer databases in the world. At first, hypermarket provides constant (season, holiday, single) discounts for that goods and stuffs, which customer buys oftener then others. At the end of a quarter each Clubcard holder gets voucher, equivalent to sum total, he spent in Tesco hypermarkets. Additionally they are rewarded with coupons, which allow discounts to that goods, the customers can enjoy (according to MIS results). Surely, this generated information is based on purchase data analysis. Management Information System (relevant module) defines the consumer goods basket, which can be potentially interested to a customer. During the quarter Tesco sells about 6 million letters with propositions of different discounts to loyal clients. Also Tesco MIS provides detailed sells information, which allows placing the goods on the counters according to consumers' tastes in each particular region or even in dependence of daytime. In the morning customers buy one stuffs, in the evening - another. Tesco shops in the center of London differ greatly from the little out-of-the-way ones. Other MIS module takes into account ethnic and demographic factors, fashion and even the contents of TV programs. Can you imagine customer joy and

Data life cycles -Compare and contrast IT lifecycle approaches Essay

Data life cycles -Compare and contrast IT lifecycle approaches - Essay Example In this scenario, the option is an extremely disconnected firm with islands of proficiency in a sea of mislaid opportunity (IBM, 2012). However, to help businesses organize these endeavors, a group of IT lifecycle approaches and solutions exists, which is a collection of integrated systems and tools, developments and services to support the collaboration and communication of company, development, functions and stakeholders. Moreover, every forward-thinking is particularly planed to facilitate teams in tackling key cross-lifecycle actions that are most important to offer timely and productive worth to the company (IBM, 2012). In addition, it should be clear that businesses have to make the process of data storage more efficient. The benefit is that ILM/DLM (data and information life cycle management) creates high-quality business sense: actually, that is why it subsists in the primary place. In this scenario, ILM/DLM is a precondition for high-quality business governance; however is a s well a crucial component of high-quality industry conduct. Additionally, it takes care of company’s reputation and deals with risk, and supports a secure and reliable dealing environment. Moreover, it defends worldwide financial marketplace security and stability in addition to tracking doubtful customers' group. As well, it gives importance to clients’ self-assurance. Furthermore, it helps avoid terrorists and money-laundering as well as harmonizes global authoritarian approaches (TechTarget, 2007; Brinkmoller & Fischer, 2007). Basically, the DLM is a policy-based method that is used to handle and organize the flow of data and information system's data all through its life cycle: from configuration and preliminary storage to the time when it turns out to be old-fashioned and is deleted. In addition, data life cycle management products computerize the procedures concerned. Additionally, new data and information that have to be accessed more often, are stored on rapid and more costly storage media, on the other hand less critical data is stored on less costly and slower storage media (TechTarget1, 2004; Enterprise Integration, Inc., 2006). Moreover, HSM (Hierarchical storage management) is also a kind of data life cycle management product. In this scenario, the hierarchy refers to various kinds of data and information storage media, like that RAID (redundant array of independent disks) data and information systems, tape, optical storage, every type demonstrating a specific level of cost as well as speed of data recovery when access is necessary. In addition, HSM product allows data or system administrator to create and implement strategy for how frequently different types of files are to be stored to a backup data and information storage device (TechTarget1, 2004; Enterprise Integration, Inc., 2006). In simple words, ILM is all about understanding the data value with respect to time. The value of data changes with time and various rules are avai lable to administer how long data must be saved for, how secure the data store must be, and when the data must be removed from that store. However, these values will vary for different categories of data. In addition, ILM engages classifying data classes into business importance categories, then creating and

Does Science Prove there is a God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Does Science Prove there is a God - Essay Example be the reasons for certain death, but there are a number of other diseases which have the potential of making our lives miserable. These are some of the instances where science 'appears' to have scored a few points over the supernatural power, but the fact that hurricane Katrina, Cleveland Volcano and floods at many places keep happening, makes us believe that there's indeed something called the almighty. Eric Allin Cornell a renowned physicist has quite beautifully brought out the dilemma when he said1 "Let me pose you a question, not about God but about the heavens: "Why is the sky blue" I offer two answers: 1) The sky is blue because of the wavelength dependence of Rayleigh scattering; 2) The sky is blue because blue is the color God wants it to be." This statement is quite suggestive about how the scientific community accepts the presence of god. In his write up Cornell further commented that, "My scientific research has been in areas connected to optical phenomena, and I can tell you a lot about the Rayleigh-scattering answer. Neither I nor any other scientist, however, has anything scientific to say about answer No. 2, the God answer. Not to say that the God answer is unscientific, just that the methods of science don't speak to that answer". Though in general the scientific community has been taking its work ahead by picking up threads from the god's creation, but there are instances in history where religious practitioners and scientific community had been on collision course. For example the famous scientist Galileo, who is considered as the father of modern science and a major figure in the history of mankind, had to undergo a tragic experience in his life. His growing influence amongst masses led to clashes with religious clergies and the church became very critical of some of his theories. But the moot point is, neither has scientific researches stopped, nor the belief in the god. Instead, what can be said for sure is that, scientific researches have grown from strength to strengths together with the belief in the god. Francis Collins, an expert on topic related to genetics, carried out a comprehensive study on the 3 billion biochemical letters of our genetic blueprint, with a team of 2,400 multinational scientists. The objective was to study and analyze the god's creation i.e. the human being. He was in fact honored by the then President Bill Clinton in the year 2000 for this effort. In an interview when Collins was asked whether he believes that science is compatible with Christian faith. He responded by saying2, "Yes. God's existence is either true or not. But calling it a scientific question implies that the tools of science can provide the answer. From my perspective, God cannot be completely contained within nature, and therefore God's existence is

The Reform Era of Policing (Foot Patrol vs. Automotive Patrol) Essay Example for Free

The Reform Era of Policing (Foot Patrol vs. Automotive Patrol) Essay I. Introduction Police patrolling is very important in a certain community whether using an automobile patrol or simply by just foot patrolling. But of course there are advantages and disadvantages between these two in terms of keeping order in the community, responding in the crime or accident scenes, apprehending some criminals or violators. Â  What are the advantages and disadvantages of using an automobile car when patrolling than just by simply just foot patrolling or not using an automobile car and vice versa? What is better to use in keeping order in community, responding in crime or accident scenes, or apprehending criminals or violators? II. Police Foot Patrolling vs. Police Automobile Patrolling Policemen patrolling without using automobiles of any kinds have many advantages. First policemen who are foot patrolling are the economical and cost-effective type of police patrolling because it does not need an automobile to their jobs and of course gasoline in order for the car to function. Policemen not using vehicles are more acquainted at the people living in a certain community. They can talk to the people face to face. people trust them and have open communication with them with regards to the problems in the community Compare to policemen patrolling using their vehicles they do not talk frequently to the people in the community because they will just arrive if somebody calls for help because there is a crime happening. They can easily notice or see if there is a crime or problems that are happening and they can easily respond to the situation. Unlike for policemen using automobiles just only waiting if there such crime that is happening. People feel safer when they can see policemen patrolling in their areas because some criminals will not attempt to do violations or crimes if they can see policemen just walking within the neighborhood unlike for policemen who are only visible when the crime is already happening like in chasing criminals or violators. Policemen who are foot patrolling can chase criminals even in the crowded people, people who are in a hurry for their works or just simply walking across the streets. Policemen patrolling using vehicles cannot because they cannot pass by in a place crowded with people because if they do they might run over some of the people that could eventually injure or kill them foot patrolling can chase criminals who ran in fields or in places filled with trees like forests unlike policemen who are vehicle patrolling cannot because their automobiles cannot go to places like that. Foot patrolling policemen can chase criminals who jump over fences, hedges or barriers unlike vehicle patrolling cannot because they are using cars and cars cannot jump over fences or hedges. (Tyler, 2001) But of course there are also disadvantages in foot patrolling. Foot patrolling policemen are slower to response in problems such as criminal scenes they have a poor communication with other foot patrolling policemen. Weather affects jobs of foot patrolling policemen. If the weather is not good, they will just stay in a place far in some people doing some scenes or violations. Foot patrolling policemen spends a lot of their time in the office. Most of patrolling policemen are rookies or new to the service. They have more things to know in order to become an expert foot patrolling policemen. Most of foot patrolling policemen are lazy sometimes they do not do their jobs. Some do not respond to the calls because most of them are not in the departments they are just in some place foot patrolling. Some neighborhood is just too large for the foot patrolling to cover all that is why there are some criminal activities that are not responded. Some criminals and violators do not receive enough or proper punishment because of legal constraints on arrest. Chain of command does not work because some of foot patrolling policemen do not follow the programs or duties assigned to them by their superiors they just do the things to them are enough or appropriate. Some people in the community want to be out of their community if the community they are living in is not that rampant in terms of crimes. The expectations of the people in the community is too high to the foot patrolling policemen where sometimes that expectations are not met making the people frustrated. Some calls are passed to the foot patrolling policemen by the vehicle patrolling policemen making them doing some work that others should do. There are many calls within the community that foot patrolling policemen cannot respond to all of them. Some of the problems or demands of the foot patrolling policemen are not addressed by their officers because they are in the community which is far from their departments where they can voice out some of their concerns. And lastly some of the foot patrolling policemen has lack of dedication in their duties to the community. (Trojanowicz Pollard, 1986) Like foot patrolling policemen vehicle patrolling policemen also have advantages and disadvantages. There are many advantages in terms of policemen using cars or automobiles for patrolling. Some of the advantages are It is easy to chase a criminal or violators running away for a criminal act or violation that they have done when the policemen patrolling are using cars or automobiles even though the criminals or violators are also using any kinds of cars unlike in foot patrolling policeman if they are chasing criminals who are using cars they will have difficulty chasing them or worse the criminals can escape and they will not be caught and punished for the crime or violation that they have done. And once they are caught the policemen who captured them can send them immediately to the police department or jail. It is easier to respond for the policemen when they are using automobiles when some people are calling them for help because an emergency or crime is happening because it is easy to arrive in the place where it is happening unlike in foot patrolling policemen because they are not using cars they might arrive in the said place that the criminals have done their criminal act or they have escaped and leave the place already. It is easy for the criminals to notice if there are policemen around if policemen are using cars for patrolling and once the criminals has noticed it will stop them from the crime or violation they going to commit. And lastly, if the police are using cars when they are patrolling they can cruise around the neighborhood and can check or investigate if there is a crime or possible crime that might happen.(National Institute of Justice (U.S.), 1995) But of course there are also disadvantages in using cars for police patrolling. Some of the disadvantages are it is costly and expensive. The policemen should take care of their cars so that the cars will be maintained for a longer used and once it is totally wrecked and the policemen can no longer use them, the government have to spend money to buy cars for their replacement. The government also spends money for the maintenance of these cars and of course for gasoline in order for these cars to function. (Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research., 1999) III. Summary and Conclusion Police patrolling are very important for a community to retain peace and order whether they are foot patrolling policemen and the ones using cars or automobiles. There are many advantages and disadvantages for both depending in the place the crimes or violations are happening but they are both needed by the community so that crimes and violation in the community will be lessened or totally be eradicated. RERERENCES: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. (1999). Effects of Community Policing on Tasks of Street-Level Police Officers in Ohio, 1981 and 1996. from http://webapp.icpsr.umich.edu/cocoon/ICPSR-STUDY/02481.xml National Institute of Justice (U.S.). (1995). Community policing in Chicago : year two. Trojanowicz, R., Pollard, B. (1986). Community Policing: The Line Officers Perspective. Retrieved March 27, 2007, from http://www.cj.msu.edu/~people/cp/communit.html Tyler, N. (2001). Public Safety in Downtowns. Retrieved March 27, 2007, from http://www.emich.edu/public/geo/557book/d378.police.htm

How Can You Classify Welfare States Politics Essay

How Can You Classify Welfare States Politics Essay Introduction: As I have found it so difficult to structure this essay and formulate a strong line of argument, which would be outlined here, I will limit the introduction to some of my thoughts surrounding issues which may have an effect on the discussion. What authors mean by the term welfare state varies from each classification attempt. This results in different classifications which within the boundaries the author has set can be very convincing. Different measures and types of analysis are used creating different outcomes, different levels, and different understandings of welfare states. Some focus more on expenditure than others, definitions may be broader or narrower. As Cochrane points out à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a loose working definition is required to make comparison possible in the first place (1993) but there is not an overwhelming consensus about what constitutes the welfare state. This is one reason why there is so much controversy surrounding classification, as writers disagree about what the welfare state consists of, and thus use different types of evidence according to their particular view on what makes up the welfare state. However, classifying welfare states helps makes useful generalisations which can enrich our understanding of a complex and important subject. Main body: Early attempts to classify the welfare state of the advanced world did so largely according to expenditure. Wilensky (1975) analyses differences in the levels of government spending, using this criteria to distinguish the leaders from the laggards. Cutright (1965) also bases his differentiation of welfare states primarily on expenditure specifically on social insurance provision. Bonoli (1997) makes the point that This approach, by concentrating exclusively on the levels of expenditure completely neglects other dimensions of welfare provision. Esping-Anderson (1990), in his ground-breaking work The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism makes the point that within expenditure based classifications that all spending counts equally. Of course the level of money a government assigns to its welfare provision is very important in classifying states but the way in which it is spent can have implications for the provision and leads to large differences between welfare states, even if expenditure levels appear similar. Firstly in countries such as Austria, governments à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦spend a large share on benefits to privileged civil servants which, Esping-Anderson points out, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦is normally not what we would consider a commitment to social citizenship and solidarity. Furthermore, expenditure analysis has tended to neglect for instance whether benefits are means tested or universal. Expenditure can be misleading in other ways too, Esping-Andersen uses the example of Britain under Thatcher, where total expenditure grew, but that it was mainly a function of very high unemployment. Castles and Mitchell (1992) concur; ceteris paribus, an identical input of expenditure will lead to quite different observed levels of poverty and inequality, depending on the distribution of incomes prior to income maintenance expenditures and taxes. Most recent classifications agree that expenditure alone is inadequate criterion to classify welfare states. Esping-Andersen has been praised for highlighting this problem (Bonoli, Pierson Castles) The way in which money is spent is crucially important as is the rights the welfare state grants its citizens. But more than this required, according to Esping-Andersen, who argues further that welfare states can not merely be understood in terms of rights granted. We must also take into account how state activities are interlocked with the markets and the familys role in social provision. Esping-Andersens understanding of the welfare state is thus broader than many other authors in their attempts at classification. This is a major strength as it attempts to include many activities carried out by governments that have implications for the standard of living of its citizens. Esping-Andersen focuses on the notion of decommodifying the impact of diverse systems of social rights (Pierson and Castles). Decommodification is defined as the degree to which individuals or families can uphold a socially acceptable standard of living independently of market participation (Esping-Andersen 1990). As well as firmly moving the emphasis away from expenditure as the sole tool of analysis, Esping-Andersen has been praised for suggesting that the welfare state is about more than just services and transfers (Pierson and Castles 2000). Esping-Andersens three proposed welfare regimes, the liberal, social-democratic and corporatist or conservative are argued convincingly and well supported. The analysis goes beyond merely the descriptive, and attempts to provide common development of the welfare states within each regime type, largely around class and power issues. This strengthens the common characteristics identified by Esping-Andersen in todays welfare states. However, Esping-Andersen has been criticised on a number of grounds. A good classification must result in the welfare states of the advanced world being classified. That is to say, they must fit into the categories proposed, meeting the necessary criteria to be associated with a particular welfare regime of type. Esping-Andersen admits that none of the regimes he identifies can be found in a perfect or pure form. Still, even if we ignore this inevitable consequence of classification, (all welfare states are unique), further objections to Esping-Andersen remain concerning welfare states comfortably fitting into the regimes. A major problem with the three regime types is that Japan cannot be comfortably incorporated, as it possesses features of all three types, and yet it is without doubt part of the advanced world. Esping-Andersen admits this, as Japans level of expenditure is relatively low, similar to the liberal classification, but that unemployment rates are typically low too, more similar to those found in social-democratic regimes. Elements of the conservative/corporatist model may be found too, due to Japans reliance on non-state forms of support from the family and the firm for example. The failure to incorporate Japan into his analysis is clearly an unsuccessful aspect of Esping-Andersens classification attempt. Many alternative classifications have been proposed in response to Esping-Andersens The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, which highlight other deficiencies and problems with the work. Abrahamson (1991) and Leibfried (2000) both point to the difficulty of including various Southern European States into Esping-Andersens three regimes and argue for a 4th world, the rudimentary or Latin rim. According to Leibfried the Southern countries of Europeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦seem to constitute a welfare state regime of their own. Countries such as Spain, Portugal and Greece would come under this banner, more easily described as rudimentary and similar to each other than grouped with liberal, social-democratic or conservative welfare states, as they display very different characteristics. Castles and Mitchell (1992), however, use different techniques to establish an alternative 4th world, which they term radical. They base a classification of countries such as Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom as radical because these nations equality outcomes are much more favourable than other states which Esping-Andersen describes as liberal. The above countries, according to Castles and Mitchells analysis, do more for increasing equality among their people than the Netherlands does, which according to his [Esping-Andersens] classification is a socialist, high decommodification system. Many criticisms of Esping-Andersen are the basis for new models, adding or adjusting his three worlds. But other criticisms have been launched too, which also apply to those studies stemming from Esping-Andersens three worlds. Allan Cochrane makes the point that the most striking absences from the statistical approaches and indeed (except in asides) from Esping-Andersens regimes are those relating to gender. He notes how the decommodification of labour is tarnished as a tool for classification because of failing to fully consider gender issues, many of which find no expression in aggregate statistics. (Of course this criticism also applies to most other statistics used to support classification attempts.) For instance Esping-Andersen fails to acknowledge the extent to which womens involvement in that sphere is a necessary basis for the commodification of labour. (Cochrane). Peter Taylor-Gooby developed this point arguing that analysis must include both uncommodified care work in th e home and the position of women in the formal labour market and that this will mean different struggles will develop in the various regime types in response to current pressures on the welfare states. Consequently a classification neglecting to investigate these angles will result in presenting welfare states as very different to their true nature. Many have argued that classifying welfare states without understanding issues such as this that they face greatly reduces their value. (Langan Ostner 1991, Dominelli 1991) Both Bonoli, Kemeny, and Castle Mitchell argue that whilst Esping-Andersen criticises over reliance on expenditure as a basis for classification, and that this is a valid and important claim, he is in some ways also guilty of this fault. Each of the three regimes is heavily contaminated by expenditure considerations. Kemeny notes that e-as classification does not make a complete break with the traditional quantification approach. Bonoli maintains that e-a still ends up with a classification overly based on the quantity of welfare provided by individual states. Instead of using spending to measure welfare states he measures decommodification and Bonoli argues that a consequence of this quantitative approach is a failure to reflect the substantial differences which exist in the way welfare is delivered. Other attempts at classification have placed their emphasis on how welfare states have administered welfare provision rather than how much they have spent in doing so. In Bonolis article Classifying Welfare States; A Two Dimensional Approach he notes that Ferrera (1993) and traditional French approaches to welfare state classification (commonly known as the Beveridgean and Bismarckian types) examine the ways in which provision is made, moving away from the quantitative how much approach. Ferrera openly sets out to break with the quantification approach and the French models are considered independent of the quantity of welfare it provides. Ferrera focuses on one aspect of welfare provision the coverage of welfare protection schemes, mainly distinguishing between universal and occupational schemes. Briefly, Bismarckian social policy is concerned with income maintenance for employees, whereas Beveridgean social policy aims at the prevention of poverty (Bonoli). Bonoli, however, highlights that although Ferreras classification is able to account for differences in the way in which welfare is delivered more competently than Esping-Andersen, its obvious weakness is the fact that it now fails to take into account the quantitative dimension of state welfare. Aside from the fact that knowing how much government spends on the ways on which they administer welfare as a useful element in distinguishing welfare states there are other problems. For instance, as with (ironically) some expenditure only analyses, the Bismarckian /Beveridgean approaches do not distinguish between universal and means tested benefits, a distinction which has very important connotations for welfare provision. A major point in Bonolis article is that welfare state classification requires a comprehensive two-dimensional approach considering both expenditure and the way in which that money is spent, as well as other methods such as policy measures. That is to say how welfare is administered. These vital two dimensions are found in some form in Esping-Andersens three worlds, but Bonoli argues this is not adequate, as the two dimensions are limited only to decommodification rather than to the whole analysis. Bonoli attempt at classifying welfare states takes the Beveridgean/Bismarckian approach but adds a new twist differentiating not only the two from each other but also distinguishing between higher spending and lower spending within the regime types. This addresses more fully the issue of two dimensions of analysis. Although Bonolis point that these two dimensions of analysis are required to understand the welfare state, it seems quite simplistic to imply that there are only two hows- the Beveridgean and Bismarckian. Esping-Andersens three regime types appear more convincing generally although Bonoli makes a useful methodological point. Many rival classifications to Esping-Andersens stem form his work, and similar methodology is sometimes used. However, differences in methodology are also common, perhaps due to different understandings of what constitutes the welfare state. Ferreras understanding, it could be argued, is rather narrow, solely concentrating on social protection schemes. It is difficult, apart from in very broad terms to talk in detail about the variations in methodology (although ideally this is what I would like to have done). Conclusion issues, not a comprehensive summing up. The failure to fit Japan into Esping-Andersens three worlds clearly reduces the success of the classification which in many other ways came as a crucial addition to the study of welfare states. But this is an excellent way of examining whether a classification attempt is successful in its main objective that has to allow all welfare states in the advanced world to be comfortable in the classification groups. However, this is very difficult to assess in many of the other cases. Different authors use different ways of formulating classifications, and their methodology leads to different conclusions. Therefore, often the countries discussed do fit generally well into the regimes proposed. But because the criteria for classification varies so much between authors, and because, for instance, Japans relevant statistics are not available to me, it is difficult to know whether all the advanced countries do indeed fit snugly into all the different regimes presented. One could argue however, that most of the authors discussed do succeed in creating classifications which manage to incorporate all the countries they have analysed according to the particular way they have chosen to analyse them, this is largely inevitable! Esping-Andersen has admitted that Japan is a large exception to the rule, but the absence of Japan form the discussion by other authors could also be seen as some sort of failure. Functionalism classification of welfare states is pointless, the fact they exist is the main point? It is also important to remember that although welfare states show enduring characteristics and tendencies that remain over the years, that they are not static, unchanging entities. As such, classification may only really be able to group states according to their past trends and present characteristics, and arguably welfare states could ultimately change regimes depending on government policies. For instance, it could be said that the influence of globalisation may alter welfare states make-up, and make certain classifications void or in need of adjustment.